|
|
|
| AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000:000–000 (2009) ABSTRACT Hakka and Chaoshanese are two unique Han populations residing in southern China but with northern Han (NH) cultural traditions and linguistic influences. Although most of historical records indicate that both populations migrated from northern China in the last two thousand years, no consensus on their origins has been reached so far. To shed more light on the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese, mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 170 Hakka from Meizhou and 102 Chaoshanese from Chaoshan area, Guangdong Province, were analyzed. Our results show that some southern Chinese predominant haplogroups, e.g. B, F, and M7, have relatively high frequencies in both populations. Although median network analyses show that Hakka/Chaoshanese share some haplotypes with NH,interpopulation comparison reveals that both populations show closer affinity with southern Han (SH)populations than with NH. In consideration of previous results from nuclear gene (including Y chromosome) research, it is likely that matrilineal landscapes of both Hakka and Chaoshanese have largely been shaped by the local people during their migration southward and/or later colonization in southern China, and factors such as cultural assimilation, patrilocality, and even sex-bias in the immigrants might have played important roles during the process. 客家人和潮汕人是一个独特的汉族人群，他们居住在中国南方但继承了北方汉族的文化传统和语言。尽管大量文献记载显示这两个人群在过去的2000年里从中国北方迁徙而来，但是关于他们的确切起源至今没有一直的结论。为了深入研究客家人和潮汕人的起源，我们分析了广东省进内梅州170例客家人和102例潮汕地区潮汕人的mtDNA。我们的结果显示，在华南相当高频的mtDNA单倍群，比如B,F,M7在这两个人群中相当高频。中值网络结构分析显示，客家人和潮汕人与北方汉族共享部分单倍型。人群间比较显示，相比北方汉族而言，这两个人群与南方汉族有相当亲密的关系。考虑到之前的核基因（包括Y染色体）的研究成果，可以认为客家人和潮汕人的母系主要来自原南方原住民。在他们迁徙到南方或者征服南方的过程中，文化上的同化，从父居的社会结构以及移民中的性别差异对现在的遗传结构起到了关键的作用。 发表：http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122506780/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Forensic Science International: Genetics 2 (2008) 150–153 Abstract Previous investigations on Chinese mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation revealed that the matrilineal gene pool of southern Han Chinese is rather complex, with much higher genetic diversity and more basal/ancient lineages than the northern Hans. The extreme case is Guangdong Han populations, among which pronounced (matrilineal) differentiation has been observed, indicative of complex demography of the region. To get more insights into the maternal makeup of southern Han Chinese, mtDNA variation of a total of 106 individuals sampled from Dongguan,Guangdong Province, China, was analyzed in this study.With the aid of the information from control-region hypervariable segments I and II (HVSI and -II) as well as some necessary coding-region segments, the phylogenetic status of all mtDNAs under examination were determined according to the reconstructed East Asian mtDNA tree. In this way, the mtDNAs have been classified into various haplogroups or sub-haplogroups. The southern-prevalent haplogroups, such as R9 (20.8%), B (17.9%), M7b (14.2%), show relatively high distribution frequencies in Dongguan Hans; whereas the frequencies of Northern-prevalent haplogroups (with the exception of D) are quite low: C (1.9%), G2 (1.9%) and Z (1.9%), indicating the southern-origin of Dongguan Hans. 之前关于中国人的mtDNA的研究表明南方汉族的mtDNA遗传结构是非常复杂的，比北方汉族拥有更高的多样性好而更多的原始类型。其中最明显的是广东汉族，他们的母系与其他人群的差异最为明显，表明这里的人口历史非常复杂。为了深入研究南方汉族的mtDNA遗传结构，我们分析了东莞汉族的106例样本的mtDNA. 使用高变I区和II区的信息以及部分需要的编码区信息，在重建的东亚mtDNA系统树的基础上我们构建了所有样本的系统发育树。在这个基础上这些样本被划分为数个单倍群。南方高频的单倍群，如R9 (20.8%), B (17.9%), M7b (14.2%)在广东汉族中较为常见，而北方高频的单倍群（除了D）在广东汉族中非常低频，如C (1.9%), G2 (1.9%) and Z (1.9%),。这表明东莞汉族是南方起源的。 上述文献来自以下硕博论文： 【文摘】:目的:通过研究广东东莞汉族的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)突变位点，分析其单倍型类群，充实广东汉族线粒体DNA基因库。同时通过将东莞汉族线粒体DNA单倍型数据同其他地区的汉族以及少数民族的线粒体DNA数据比较，了解东莞汉族与其他地区汉族人群之间的关系，了解东莞汉族与其他民族之间的母系遗传关系，为有关广东汉族人群的起源与迁移的历史记载提供遗传学方面的依据。 方法:在知情同意原则下，采用EDTA抗凝收集广东东莞汉族三代之内无亲缘关系的107名健康个体，抽提其DNA，建立基因库。对所有个体的线粒体高变区进行测序，通过与线粒体DNA标准序列(即剑桥序列，cambridge RefereneeSe明enee，CRS)进行比较，寻找突变位点，初步划分单倍型类群，再结合编码区的限制性片段多态性、部分序列突变位点等信息，确认样本的线粒体DNA进行单倍型分型。参考己经发表的mtDNA数据，计算东莞汉族与其他地区汉族和少数民族之间的遗传距离，并进行主成分分析。 结果:获得了东莞汉族线粒体DNA高变区序列信息和部分编码区的限制性片段多态性、部分序列数据。通过单倍型划分，发现在东莞汉族群体中存在多种(亚)单倍型类群，比较高频率的单倍型类群是D、M7、B和F1，分别为18.7%，18.7%，17.8%和14.0%，而单倍型类群A、C、GZ、Z的频率很低，分别是2.8%，1.9%，1.9%和1.9%。 结论:通过各地区汉族人群之间，以及东莞汉族和其他少数民族的比较，发现广东东莞汉族具有典型的南方汉族人群特点，并能代表广东地区汉族人群的母系遗传结构。通过东莞汉族与少数民族限制性片段多态性单倍型数据的分析，发现广东汉族与百越后裔、苗、瑶族等族关系密切，符合广东汉族是百越后代，在其形成的过程中融合了苗、瑶等少数民族的历史记载。 东莞汉族106个样本母系单倍型
来源:Feng Chen,Sha-Yan Wang,Ruan-Zhang Zhang,Yu-Hua Hu,Guo-Feng Gao,Yan-Hui Liu,Qing-Peng Kong.Analysis of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Guangdong Han Chinese.Forensic Science International: Genetics 2 (2008) 150–153 |